Song of Solomon 4:12
A garden inclosed is my sister, my spouse; a spring shut up, a fountain sealed.
Original Language Analysis
Cross References
Historical Context
Ancient Near Eastern gardens, springs, and fountains required walls and seals to prevent theft, contamination, or unauthorized use. Water sources were precious and protected. The imagery celebrates exclusive possession and protected purity. In ancient culture valuing virginity before marriage and faithfulness within it, this verse would powerfully affirm covenant exclusivity. Early church fathers applied this to the Church—she is 'enclosed garden' belonging exclusively to Christ, not given to the world. Medieval theologians used this imagery for Mary's perpetual virginity and the Church's purity. The Reformers emphasized that believers are set apart (sanctified) for Christ, not belonging to the world (John 17:16). Modern readers recover appreciation for sexual purity before marriage and exclusive faithfulness within it, countering cultural promiscuity.
Questions for Reflection
- How does this imagery of exclusive preservation and purity inform biblical sexual ethics—both before and within marriage?
- In what ways should believers be 'enclosed gardens'—set apart for Christ, not giving themselves to worldly allegiances?
Analysis & Commentary
The bridegroom praises his bride: 'A garden inclosed is my sister, my spouse; a spring shut up, a fountain sealed.' The threefold imagery—'garden inclosed' (gan na'ul, גַּן נָעוּל), 'spring shut up' (gal na'ul, גַּל נָעוּל), 'fountain sealed' (ma'yan chatum, מַעְיָן חָתוּם)—emphasizes exclusive access and preserved purity. Enclosed gardens, sealed springs, and shut fountains are protected from contamination and reserved for their rightful users. This verse celebrates the bride's sexual purity and exclusive commitment to her bridegroom. She hasn't given herself to others but has preserved herself for covenant relationship. The dual terms 'my sister, my spouse' combine familial intimacy with marital exclusivity. This verse affirms both premarital purity and marital faithfulness. Spiritually, it represents the Church as Christ's exclusive bride, set apart for Him alone.